@font-face{font-family:Fraunces;src:url(/fonts/Fraunces-latin.woff2)format("woff2");font-weight:100 900;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;unicode-range:U+??,U+131,U+152-153,U+2BB-2BC,U+2C6,U+2DA,U+2DC,U+304,U+308,U+329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:Fraunces;src:url(/fonts/Fraunces-Italic-latin.woff2)format("woff2");font-weight:100 900;font-style:italic;font-display:swap;unicode-range:U+??,U+131,U+152-153,U+2BB-2BC,U+2C6,U+2DA,U+2DC,U+304,U+308,U+329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:Literata;src:url(/fonts/Literata-latin.woff2)format("woff2");font-weight:200 900;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;unicode-range:U+??,U+131,U+152-153,U+2BB-2BC,U+2C6,U+2DA,U+2DC,U+304,U+308,U+329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:Literata;src:url(/fonts/Literata-Italic-latin.woff2)format("woff2");font-weight:200 900;font-style:italic;font-display:swap;unicode-range:U+??,U+131,U+152-153,U+2BB-2BC,U+2C6,U+2DA,U+2DC,U+304,U+308,U+329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}:root{color-scheme:light;--paper:#fbf6ee;--paper-deep:#f3eadb;--card:#fffdf8;--rule:#e2d5c1;--rule-strong:#918476;--ink:#2a211b;--ink-soft:#5e4f43;--accent:#8e2f22;--accent-tint:#f6e4dc;--sage:#2f5d50;--sage-tint:#e3ece5;--hatch:#918476;--focus:#1f4fa8;--fig-canvas:#f7f5ef;--fig-panel:#fff;--fig-ink:#172d38;--fig-muted:#526671;--fig-teal:#077578;--fig-red:#af4639;--fig-gold:#996613;--fig-rule:#d5dedc;--fig-teal-tint:#ddedea;--fig-red-tint:#f5e4df;--fig-callout:#172d38;--fig-on-callout:#fff;--fig-on-callout-soft:#dae8e6;--f-display:"Fraunces", Georgia, serif;--f-text:"Literata", Georgia, serif;--s1:4px;--s2:8px;--s3:12px;--s4:16px;--s5:24px;--s6:32px;--s7:48px;--s8:64px;--s9:96px;--measure:66ch;--col-wide:52rem;--margin:16rem;--toc-bar:3.25rem;--margin-toc-offset:0px;--r:6px;--text-body:17px;--text-h1:2.5rem;--text-h2:1.875rem;--text-stem:1.25rem;--text-step:1.125rem;--text-lede:1.1875rem;--text-small:.875rem;--text-label:.75rem;--text-numeral:4.5rem;--text-step-num:2rem;--leading-body:1.65;--principle-space:var(--s8);--card-pad:var(--s4);--body-opsz:17}*,:before,:after{box-sizing:border-box}html{background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font-optical-sizing:none;scroll-padding-top:calc(var(--toc-bar) + var(--s3))}body{background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--f-text);font-size:var(--text-body);font-weight:400;line-height:var(--leading-body);font-variation-settings:"opsz" var(--body-opsz), "wght" 400;margin:0}h1,h2,h3,h4,p,ul,ol{margin:0}a{color:var(--accent);text-underline-offset:3px}:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--focus);outline-offset:2px}.skip{left:var(--s4);top:var(--s4);background:var(--card);color:var(--ink);padding:var(--s3) var(--s4);z-index:2;align-items:center;min-height:44px;display:inline-flex;position:absolute;transform:translateY(-150%)}.skip:focus{transform:none}.site-header{padding:var(--s4);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:var(--s3);flex-wrap:wrap;display:flex}.wordmark{font-family:var(--f-display);letter-spacing:-.01em;font-variation-settings:"opsz" 24, "SOFT" 50, "WONK" 0, "wght" 600;color:var(--ink);align-items:center;min-height:44px;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1;text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex}.wordmark em{color:var(--accent);font-style:italic;font-weight:600}.site-nav{font-family:var(--f-text);font-size:var(--text-small);color:var(--ink-soft);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 400}.site-nav a{color:inherit;min-height:44px;padding-inline:var(--s2);align-items:center;text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex}.site-nav a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.site-tools{align-items:center;gap:var(--s2);flex-wrap:wrap;margin-left:auto;display:flex}.theme-toggle{border:1px solid var(--rule-strong);border-radius:var(--r);align-items:stretch;gap:0;min-inline-size:0;margin:0;padding:2px;display:flex}.theme-toggle label{cursor:pointer;min-width:44px;min-height:44px;color:var(--ink-soft);font-family:var(--f-text);font-size:var(--text-label);letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;font-variation-settings:"opsz" 12, "wght" 600;border-radius:4px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding-inline:.65rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1;display:inline-flex;position:relative}.theme-toggle input{opacity:0;cursor:pointer;margin:0;position:absolute;inset:0}.theme-toggle label:hover{color:var(--ink)}.theme-toggle label:has(input:checked){background:var(--paper-deep);color:var(--ink)}.theme-toggle input:focus-visible+span{outline:3px solid var(--focus);outline-offset:3px;border-radius:4px}.site-footer{padding:var(--s7) var(--s4);color:var(--ink-soft);font-size:var(--text-small);text-align:center}.site-footer p{max-width:var(--measure);margin-inline:auto}.wrap{padding-inline:var(--s4);flex-direction:column;display:flex}.case-body{display:contents}.hero,.principle,.side{min-width:0;max-width:100%}.hero{order:0}.side,.principle{order:2}.page{padding:var(--s7) var(--s4) var(--s8);max-width:calc(var(--measure) + 2 * var(--s4));margin-inline:auto}h1{font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:400;font-size:var(--text-h1);letter-spacing:-.02em;font-variation-settings:"opsz" 144, "SOFT" 100, "WONK" 0, "wght" 400;margin:var(--s3) 0 var(--s4);line-height:1.05}h1 em{color:var(--accent);font-style:italic;font-weight:400}h2{font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:500;font-size:var(--text-h2);letter-spacing:-.015em;font-variation-settings:"opsz" 72, "SOFT" 50, "WONK" 0, "wght" 500;margin:var(--s3) 0 var(--s5);line-height:1.12}.kicker,.q-label{font-family:var(--f-text);font-weight:600;font-size:var(--text-label);text-transform:uppercase;font-variation-settings:"opsz" 12, "wght" 600;line-height:1.2}.kicker{letter-spacing:.14em;color:var(--accent)}.hero{padding:var(--s7) 0 var(--s6)}.lede{font-size:var(--text-lede);color:var(--ink-soft);max-width:var(--measure);line-height:1.55}.notice{max-width:var(--measure);margin:var(--s4) 0;background:var(--paper-deep);color:var(--ink);border-left:3px solid var(--accent);padding:var(--s4);border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}.review-note{max-width:var(--measure);margin:0 0 var(--s5);padding-bottom:var(--s4);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);font-family:var(--f-text);font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--text-small);color:var(--ink-soft);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 400;line-height:1.5}.review-note .field-label{margin-bottom:var(--s2);color:var(--accent);font-style:normal;display:block}.toc-dock{z-index:4;box-sizing:border-box;width:calc(100% + 2 * var(--s4));max-width:calc(100% + 2 * var(--s4));margin-inline:calc(-1 * var(--s4));padding-inline:var(--s4);background:var(--paper);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);order:1;align-self:stretch;min-width:0;position:sticky;top:0}.toc-kicker{display:none}.toc-panel>summary{justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:var(--s3);min-height:44px;padding-block:var(--s2);cursor:pointer;color:var(--ink);list-style:none;display:flex}.toc-panel>summary::-webkit-details-marker,.part-questions>summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.toc-panel>summary::marker,.part-questions>summary::marker{content:""}.toc-summary-text{align-items:baseline;gap:var(--s3);flex:1;min-width:0;display:flex}.toc-here{text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;min-width:0;font-family:var(--f-text);font-size:var(--text-small);letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none;color:var(--ink-soft);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 400;font-weight:400;overflow:hidden}.toc-here:empty{display:none}.toc-scroll{max-height:min(70vh, calc(100dvh - var(--toc-bar) - var(--s4)));border-top:1px solid var(--rule);overflow:auto}.toc{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.toc li{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);min-width:0}.toc-num{font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:500;font-size:var(--text-small);color:var(--accent);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 24, "SOFT" 50, "WONK" 0, "wght" 500;flex:none;min-width:4ch}.toc ol{padding:0 0 0 var(--s4);margin:0;list-style:none}.toc-title{overflow-wrap:anywhere;min-width:0}.overview{margin:var(--s4) 0 var(--s6);max-width:var(--measure);padding-left:1.4rem}.overview li+li{margin-top:var(--s2)}.overview a{align-items:center;min-height:44px;display:inline-flex}.worked-example{margin-top:var(--s5);max-width:var(--measure)}.worked-example h3{margin:0 0 var(--s3);font-family:var(--f-display);font-size:var(--text-step);font-weight:500}.principle .principle{padding-top:var(--s6)}.toc a{align-items:center;gap:var(--s3);min-width:0;min-height:44px;padding-block:var(--s2);color:var(--ink);overflow-wrap:anywhere;text-decoration:none;display:flex}.toc a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.toc-part.is-current>a,.toc a.is-current{color:var(--accent);background:var(--accent-tint)}.toc a[aria-current=location]{box-shadow:inset 3px 0 0 var(--accent)}.toc-panel>summary:focus-visible,.part-questions>summary:focus-visible,.toc a:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--focus);outline-offset:2px}.toc-panel>summary .chevron,.part-questions>summary .chevron{width:12px;height:12px;color:var(--ink-soft);flex:none;transition:transform .18s}.toc-panel[open]>summary .chevron,.part-questions[open]>summary .chevron{transform:rotate(180deg)}.part-questions{margin-top:var(--s7);max-width:var(--measure);border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.part-questions>summary{justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:var(--s3);min-height:44px;padding-block:var(--s2);cursor:pointer;font-family:var(--f-text);font-weight:600;font-size:var(--text-label);letter-spacing:.12em;color:var(--ink-soft);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 12, "wght" 600;font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;line-height:1.2;list-style:none;display:flex}.side{display:none}.principle{padding-top:var(--principle-space);position:relative}.principle .num{font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:300;font-size:var(--text-numeral);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 144, "SOFT" 100, "WONK" 0, "wght" 300;color:var(--accent);line-height:.8;display:block}.principle-head h2{margin:var(--s4) 0 var(--s3)}.gist{font-family:var(--f-text);color:var(--ink-soft);max-width:var(--measure);font-variation-settings:"opsz" var(--body-opsz), "wght" 400;margin:0;font-style:italic;font-weight:400}.principle-head:after{content:"";background:var(--accent);width:3rem;height:2px;margin-top:var(--s5);display:block}.causes{--cause-stick:5rem;margin-top:var(--s6);min-width:0}.cause-nav{top:var(--toc-bar);z-index:1;background:var(--paper);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);margin:var(--s5) calc(-1 * var(--s4)) 0;width:calc(100% + 2 * var(--s4));position:sticky}.cause-nav-scroll{align-items:center;gap:var(--s4);overscroll-behavior-x:contain;scroll-snap-type:x proximity;padding:var(--s2) var(--s4);scroll-padding-inline:var(--s4);scrollbar-color:var(--rule) transparent;padding-inline-end:2.75rem;scroll-padding-inline-end:2.75rem;display:flex;overflow-x:auto}.cause-nav:after{content:"";pointer-events:none;background:linear-gradient(to right, transparent, var(--paper));z-index:1;width:2.5rem;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:0}.cause-group{align-items:center;gap:var(--s2);scroll-snap-align:start;padding-right:var(--s4);border-right:1px solid var(--rule);flex:none;display:flex}.cause-group:last-child{border-right:0;padding-right:0}.cause-nav .kicker,.cause-head .kicker{text-transform:none;letter-spacing:.12em;white-space:nowrap;margin:0;font-variant-caps:all-small-caps}.cause-nav ul{gap:var(--s1);margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;display:flex}.cause-nav li{display:flex}.cause-nav a{min-height:44px;padding-inline:var(--s2);white-space:nowrap;border-radius:var(--r);align-items:center;text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex}.cause-nav a:hover{text-underline-offset:3px;text-decoration:underline}.cause-nav a:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--focus);outline-offset:-3px}.cause,.example{scroll-margin-top:var(--cause-stick)}.cause{margin-top:var(--s6);padding-top:var(--s5);border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.cause h3{font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:500;font-size:var(--text-step);margin:var(--s2) 0 0;font-variation-settings:"opsz" 36, "SOFT" 40, "WONK" 0, "wght" 500;line-height:1.3}.cause-head:after{content:"";background:var(--accent);width:3rem;height:2px;margin-top:var(--s4);display:block}.cause-field{margin-top:var(--s5);padding-left:var(--s4);border-left:2px solid var(--sage)}.cause-field .prose p,.example .prose p{margin-top:0}.cause-field .prose p+p,.example .prose p+p{margin-top:var(--s3)}.cause-field-mimics{background:var(--accent-tint);border-left:3px solid var(--accent);border-radius:0 var(--r) var(--r) 0;padding:var(--s3) var(--s4)}.examples-title{margin:var(--s6) 0 var(--s4);font-family:var(--f-display);color:var(--accent);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 24, "SOFT" 50, "WONK" 0, "wght" 600;font-size:1.0625rem;font-style:italic;font-weight:600;line-height:1.2}.cause-examples ol{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.example{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--rule-strong);border-radius:var(--r);box-shadow:0 1px 0 var(--rule);padding:var(--s4);margin-top:var(--s4)}.example-kicker{align-items:baseline;gap:var(--s2);margin:0 0 var(--s3);display:flex}.example-kicker .field-label{margin:0}.example-num{font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:500;font-size:var(--text-small);color:var(--accent);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 24, "SOFT" 50, "WONK" 0, "wght" 500;line-height:1}.example-vignette{background:var(--paper-deep);border-radius:var(--r);padding:var(--s4)}.example-reasoning,.example-links{margin-top:var(--s4);padding-top:var(--s4);border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.example-links .chips{margin-top:var(--s2)}.prose p{max-width:var(--measure);margin-top:var(--s4)}.prose .equation{max-width:min(100%, var(--measure));margin:var(--s5) auto 0;text-align:center;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;font-feature-settings:"tnum" 1, "lnum" 1;font-variation-settings:"opsz" 18, "wght" 600;overflow-wrap:break-word;font-weight:600;line-height:1.45}.prose-subhead{max-width:var(--measure);margin:var(--s5) 0 0;font-family:var(--f-text);letter-spacing:.08em;color:var(--sage);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 600;font-size:.875rem;font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;font-weight:600;line-height:1.2}.principle-head .prose-subhead{margin:0 0 var(--s2)}.prose .prose-subhead+p{margin-top:var(--s2)}.cycle-arithmetic{margin:var(--s4) 0 0;max-width:var(--measure)}.cycle-arithmetic table{border-collapse:collapse;table-layout:fixed;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;font-feature-settings:"tnum" 1, "lnum" 1;width:100%}.cycle-arithmetic caption{caption-side:bottom;padding-top:var(--s2);text-align:left;color:var(--ink-soft)}.cycle-arithmetic th,.cycle-arithmetic td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding:.45rem .75rem .45rem 0}.q{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--rule-strong);border-radius:var(--r);margin:var(--s5) 0 0;box-shadow:0 1px 0 var(--rule)}.q-head{padding:var(--s5) var(--card-pad) var(--s4)}.q-label{letter-spacing:.12em;color:var(--sage)}.q-meta{align-items:baseline;column-gap:var(--s3);row-gap:var(--s1);flex-wrap:wrap;display:flex}.q-kind{font-family:var(--f-text);font-weight:600;font-size:var(--text-label);letter-spacing:.12em;color:var(--sage);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 12, "wght" 600;margin:0;font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;line-height:1.2}.q-stem{font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:500;font-size:var(--text-stem);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 30, "SOFT" 30, "WONK" 0, "wght" 500;margin-top:var(--s3);line-height:1.35}.commit{padding:0 var(--card-pad) var(--s3);max-width:var(--measure);font-family:var(--f-text);color:var(--ink-soft);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 13, "wght" 400;margin:0;font-size:.8125rem;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5}.answer,.part{margin:var(--s5) var(--card-pad) 0}.answer p,.part p{max-width:var(--measure);overflow-wrap:break-word;margin:0}.answer p+p,.part p+p{margin-top:var(--s3)}.part h3,.field-label{margin:0 0 var(--s2);font-family:var(--f-text);font-weight:600;font-size:var(--text-label);letter-spacing:.12em;color:var(--sage);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 12, "wght" 600;font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;line-height:1.2}.part-misconception{padding-top:var(--s4);border-top:1px solid var(--accent)}.ref-marks{font-family:var(--f-text);letter-spacing:0;font-variation-settings:"opsz" 12, "wght" 600;margin-left:.2em;font-size:.75em;font-weight:600;line-height:1}.ref-marks a{text-decoration:none}.references{padding:var(--s7) 0}.references ol{max-width:var(--measure);margin:0;padding-left:1.4rem}.references li{margin-top:var(--s3)}.sr-only{clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;position:absolute;overflow:hidden}.q details{border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.q summary{cursor:pointer;padding:0 var(--card-pad);min-height:44px;font-family:var(--f-text);font-weight:600;font-size:var(--text-body);color:var(--ink);justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:var(--s3);font-variation-settings:"opsz" var(--body-opsz), "wght" 600;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;background:0 0;line-height:1.2;list-style:none;display:flex}.q summary:hover{color:var(--accent)}.q summary:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--focus);outline-offset:-3px}.q summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.q summary::marker{content:""}.q .chevron{width:12px;height:12px;color:var(--accent);flex:none;transition:transform .18s;transform:rotate(0)}.q details[open] .chevron{transform:rotate(180deg)}.why{margin:var(--s5) var(--card-pad) var(--s5);padding:var(--s4) var(--s4) var(--s4) var(--s5);background:var(--paper-deep);border-left:3px solid var(--accent);border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}.why h3{margin:0 0 var(--s2);font-family:var(--f-display);color:var(--accent);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 24, "SOFT" 50, "WONK" 0, "wght" 600;font-size:1.0625rem;font-style:italic;font-weight:600;line-height:1.2}.why p{margin:0 0 var(--s3);max-width:var(--measure)}.why .back{font-size:var(--text-small);color:var(--ink-soft);margin:0}.why .back a{align-items:center;min-height:44px;display:inline-flex}.treat{background:var(--paper-deep);border-top:1px solid var(--rule);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);margin-top:var(--principle-space);padding:var(--s7) 0}.treat h2{margin:var(--s3) 0 var(--s5)}.steps{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.step{gap:0 var(--s4);padding:var(--s5) 0;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);grid-template-columns:2.5rem minmax(0,1fr);display:grid}.step-num{font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:400;font-size:var(--text-step-num);color:var(--sage);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 72, "SOFT" 50, "WONK" 0, "wght" 400;align-self:start;line-height:1}.step h3{font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:600;font-size:var(--text-step);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 36, "SOFT" 40, "WONK" 0, "wght" 600;margin:0;line-height:1.3}.step p{margin:var(--s2) 0 0;max-width:var(--measure)}.page p a{align-items:center;min-height:44px;display:inline-flex}.chips{gap:var(--s2);margin-top:var(--s3);flex-wrap:wrap;display:flex}.chip{gap:var(--s2);max-width:100%;font-family:var(--f-text);font-size:var(--text-small);color:var(--accent);background:var(--accent-tint);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 400;border-radius:99px;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;min-height:44px;padding:10px 14px;line-height:1.3;text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex}.chip-num{font-family:var(--f-display);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 24, "SOFT" 50, "WONK" 0, "wght" 500;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1}.chip-name{min-width:0}.case-list{border-top:1px solid var(--rule);padding:0;list-style:none}.case-list li{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding:var(--s4) 0}.case-list a{min-height:44px;font-family:var(--f-display);font-weight:600;font-size:var(--text-step);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 36, "SOFT" 40, "WONK" 0, "wght" 600;align-items:center;display:inline-flex}.case-list p{color:var(--ink-soft);max-width:var(--measure)}.status{margin-left:var(--s2);font-family:var(--f-text);font-weight:600;font-size:var(--text-label);letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--accent);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 12, "wght" 600;display:inline-block}.page h1{margin-top:0}.page>p+p,.page .lede+p{margin-top:var(--s4)}.page>h2{margin-top:var(--s7);margin-bottom:var(--s4)}.diagram{width:100%;max-width:var(--measure);min-width:0;margin:var(--s5) 0 0}.diagram svg{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--rule-strong);border-radius:var(--r);width:100%;height:auto;display:block;overflow:hidden}.diagram-print,.diagram svg.diagram-print{display:none}@media screen and (width>=701px){.diagram svg.diagram-screen{display:none}.diagram svg.diagram-print{max-width:664px;margin-inline:auto;display:block}}.diagram-physiology{max-width:none}.diagram-physiology img{color-scheme:light;background:#fffdf8}.diagram-frame{min-width:0;max-width:100%;position:relative}.diagram-scroll{overscroll-behavior-x:contain;scrollbar-color:var(--rule) transparent;min-width:0;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto}.diagram figcaption{max-width:var(--measure);margin-top:var(--s3);overflow-wrap:anywhere}.diagram-sources .field-label{display:block}.diagram-sources a{overflow-wrap:anywhere;display:block}.diagram figcaption p+p{margin-top:var(--s2);color:var(--ink-soft);font-size:var(--text-small);line-height:1.5}.diagram-kicker{font-family:var(--f-text);letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;fill:var(--accent);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 12, "wght" 600;font-weight:600}.diagram-display{font-family:var(--f-display);fill:var(--ink);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 30, "SOFT" 30, "WONK" 0, "wght" 500;font-weight:500}.diagram-label{font-family:var(--f-text);fill:var(--ink);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 400;font-weight:400}.diagram-note{font-family:var(--f-text);fill:var(--ink-soft);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 400;font-style:italic;font-weight:400}.diagram-schematic{font-family:var(--f-text);fill:var(--accent);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 600;font-style:italic;font-weight:600}.diagram-gap{fill:var(--accent-tint)}.diagram-aortic,.diagram-bracket,.diagram-fall{fill:none;stroke:var(--accent);stroke-width:2.5px;stroke-linecap:square;stroke-linejoin:miter}.diagram-bracket,.diagram-fall{stroke-width:1.5px}.diagram-atrial{fill:none;stroke:var(--sage);stroke-width:2.5px;stroke-linecap:square}.diagram-prior{fill:none;stroke:var(--ink-soft);stroke-width:1.5px;stroke-dasharray:5 4;stroke-linecap:square}.diagram-rise{fill:none;stroke:var(--sage);stroke-width:1.5px;stroke-linecap:square;stroke-linejoin:miter}.diagram-rise-head{fill:var(--sage)}.diagram-mark,.diagram-fall-head{fill:var(--accent)}.diagram-banner{fill:var(--paper-deep)}.diagram-ramp{fill:var(--sage-tint)}.diagram-ramp-line{fill:none;stroke:var(--sage);stroke-width:2.5px;stroke-linecap:square;stroke-linejoin:miter}.diagram-baseline,.diagram-time{fill:none;stroke:var(--ink);stroke-width:1.5px;stroke-linecap:square}.diagram-time-head{fill:var(--ink)}.diagram-caps{font-family:var(--f-text);letter-spacing:.08em;fill:var(--accent);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 12, "wght" 600;font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;font-weight:600}.diagram-panel-flow{fill:var(--sage-tint);stroke:var(--sage);stroke-width:1.5px}.diagram-panel-content{fill:var(--accent-tint);stroke:var(--accent);stroke-width:1.5px}.diagram-node{fill:var(--card);stroke:var(--rule);stroke-width:1.5px}.diagram-multiply{fill:none;stroke:var(--ink);stroke-width:1.5px;stroke-linecap:square}.diagram-aside{fill:var(--paper-deep);stroke:var(--ink-soft);stroke-width:1.5px;stroke-dasharray:5 4}.diagram a{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none}.diagram a:hover .diagram-node{stroke:var(--accent)}.diagram a:focus-visible .diagram-node{stroke:var(--focus);stroke-width:3px}.diagram[data-diagram=coronary-circuit]{max-width:40rem}.diagram[data-diagram=coronary-circuit] svg{background:var(--paper)}.diagram[data-diagram=coronary-circuit] svg.diagram-wide,.diagram[data-diagram=pressure-pairs] svg.diagram-wide,.diagram[data-diagram=compression-release] svg.diagram-wide{display:none}.diagram[data-diagram=pressure-pairs],.diagram[data-diagram=compression-release]{max-width:40rem}.diagram-panel-title{font-family:var(--f-display);fill:var(--ink);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 36, "SOFT" 40, "WONK" 0, "wght" 500;font-weight:500}.diagram-key{font-family:var(--f-text);letter-spacing:.06em;fill:var(--ink);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 600;font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;font-weight:600}.diagram-num{font-family:var(--f-text);fill:var(--ink);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;font-feature-settings:"tnum" 1, "lnum" 1;font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 600;font-weight:600}.diagram-level-aortic{fill:none;stroke:var(--sage);stroke-width:2.5px;stroke-linecap:square}.diagram-level-atrial{fill:none;stroke:var(--accent);stroke-width:1.75px}.diagram-level-dashed{stroke-dasharray:5 3.5}.diagram-axis{fill:none;stroke:var(--hatch);stroke-width:1.25px;stroke-linecap:square}.diagram-read-window{fill:var(--sage-tint);stroke:var(--sage);stroke-width:1.5px}.diagram-cell-rule{fill:none;stroke:var(--hatch);stroke-width:1.25px}.diagram-vessel-narrow,.diagram-vessel-open{fill:none;stroke:var(--ink);stroke-width:2.25px;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}.diagram-data{max-width:var(--measure);margin-top:var(--s3)}.diagram-data summary{cursor:pointer;align-items:center;min-height:44px;font-weight:600;display:flex}.diagram-data summary:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--focus);outline-offset:3px}.diagram-data table{border-collapse:collapse;table-layout:fixed;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;font-feature-settings:"tnum" 1, "lnum" 1;width:100%}.diagram-data caption,.diagram-data p{color:var(--ink-soft);text-align:left}.diagram-data caption{caption-side:bottom;padding-top:var(--s2)}.diagram-data th,.diagram-data td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);text-align:left;vertical-align:top;overflow-wrap:anywhere;padding:.4rem .5rem .4rem 0}.diagram[data-diagram=pressure-pairs] svg,.diagram[data-diagram=compression-release] svg{background:var(--paper)}.diagram-route,.diagram-route-fine{fill:none;stroke:var(--accent);stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}.diagram-route{stroke-width:2.75px}.diagram-route-fine{stroke-width:1.35px}.diagram-route-head{fill:var(--accent)}.diagram-opening{fill:var(--paper);stroke:var(--accent);stroke-width:1.75px}.diagram-myocardium{fill:var(--paper-deep);stroke:var(--hatch);stroke-width:1.25px}.diagram-hatch{fill:none;stroke:var(--hatch);stroke-width:1.15px}.diagram-marker-ring{fill:var(--paper);stroke:var(--sage);stroke-width:1.75px}.diagram-marker-num{fill:var(--sage);font-family:var(--f-text);text-anchor:middle;dominant-baseline:central;font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 600;font-weight:600}.diagram-marker-caption{font-family:var(--f-text);letter-spacing:.04em;fill:var(--sage);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 600;font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;font-weight:600}.diagram-cpp{fill:none;stroke:var(--sage);stroke-width:1.5px;stroke-linecap:square;stroke-linejoin:miter}.diagram-bracket-label{font-family:var(--f-text);fill:var(--sage);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 400;font-weight:400}.diagram-label-plate{fill:var(--paper)}.diagram-quiet{fill:none;stroke:var(--ink-soft);stroke-width:1.25px;stroke-dasharray:2 3.5;stroke-linecap:round}.diagram-quiet-label{font-family:var(--f-text);fill:var(--ink-soft);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 14, "wght" 400;font-style:italic;font-weight:400}@media (width>=600px){.diagram[data-diagram=coronary-circuit] svg.diagram-stack,.diagram[data-diagram=pressure-pairs] svg.diagram-stack,.diagram[data-diagram=compression-release] svg.diagram-stack{display:none}.diagram[data-diagram=coronary-circuit] svg.diagram-wide,.diagram[data-diagram=pressure-pairs] svg.diagram-wide,.diagram[data-diagram=compression-release] svg.diagram-wide{display:block}}@media (width>=900px){:root{--text-body:18px;--text-h1:4rem;--text-h2:2.5rem;--text-numeral:6rem;--principle-space:var(--s9);--card-pad:var(--s6);--body-opsz:18;--toc-bar:0px}.site-header{padding:var(--s5) var(--s7)}.page{padding:var(--s9) var(--s7) var(--s8)}.wrap{padding-inline:var(--s7);grid-template-columns:minmax(var(--margin), 1fr) minmax(0, var(--col-wide)) minmax(var(--s7), 1fr);display:grid}.wrap>*{grid-column:2;min-width:0}.case-body{order:0;grid-area:1/2;max-width:none;display:block}.hero,.principle,.side,.toc-dock{order:0}.toc-dock{top:var(--s5);width:16rem;max-width:100%;height:auto;max-height:calc(100vh - 2 * var(--s5));padding:0 var(--s2) 0 0;z-index:2;background:0 0;border:0;grid-area:1/1;place-self:start end;margin:0;position:sticky;overflow:auto}.toc a{align-items:baseline;gap:var(--s2);overflow-wrap:break-word;padding-left:.75rem;font-size:.85rem;line-height:1.35}.toc-title{overflow-wrap:break-word}.toc-num{flex:0 0 2rem;min-width:2rem;line-height:1.35}.toc-part>a{font-weight:600}.toc ol{padding-left:.4rem}.toc ol a{color:var(--ink-soft);font-weight:400}.toc ol a:hover,.toc ol a.is-current,.toc ol a[aria-current=location]{color:var(--accent)}.toc-dock.is-spying .toc-part>ol{display:none}.toc-dock.is-spying .toc-part.is-current>ol{display:block}.toc-dock.is-yielding{max-height:min(20rem,38vh)}.toc-kicker{margin:0 0 var(--s3);display:block}.toc-panel>summary{display:none}.toc-panel>.toc-scroll{border-top:0;max-height:none;overflow:visible;display:block!important}.hero{padding:var(--s9) 0 var(--s7);max-width:none}.principle{max-width:none}.principle .num{text-align:left;width:auto;position:static}.side{max-width:13rem;margin-top:calc(var(--principle-space) + var(--text-numeral) * .8 + var(--s4));padding-right:var(--s6);border-right:1px solid var(--rule);font-family:var(--f-text);color:var(--ink-soft);font-variation-settings:"opsz" 13, "wght" 400;grid-area:2/1/span 2;place-self:start end;font-size:.8125rem;font-style:italic;line-height:1.5;display:block}.reveal-row{width:auto;margin-left:0;display:block}.causes{--cause-stick:var(--s6);grid-template-columns:calc(var(--margin) - var(--s6)) minmax(0, 1fr);column-gap:var(--s6);width:calc(100% + var(--margin));margin-left:calc(-1 * var(--margin));align-items:start;display:grid}.cause-nav{top:calc(var(--s5) + var(--margin-toc-offset));z-index:3;width:auto;max-height:calc(100vh - 2 * var(--s5) - var(--margin-toc-offset));padding:var(--s2) var(--s5) var(--s2) 0;border:0;border-right:1px solid var(--rule);background:0 0;border-radius:0;grid-area:1/1;align-self:start;margin:0;display:block;position:sticky;overflow:auto}.cause-nav:after{content:none}.cause-nav-scroll{scroll-snap-type:none;gap:0;padding:0;display:block;overflow:visible}.cause-nav .kicker{white-space:normal}.cause-group{border-right:0;padding-right:0;display:block}.cause-group+.cause-group{margin-top:var(--s4)}.cause-nav ul{margin-top:var(--s1);flex-direction:column}.cause-nav a{white-space:normal;overflow-wrap:break-word;width:100%}.cause-stream{grid-area:1/2;min-width:0}.cause-field{column-gap:var(--s4);border-left:0;grid-template-columns:8.5rem minmax(0,1fr);align-items:baseline;padding-left:0;display:grid}.cause-field .field-label{text-align:right;margin:0;padding-top:.35em}.cause-field-mimics{border-left:3px solid var(--accent);padding:var(--s3) var(--s4)}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*,:before,:after{scroll-behavior:auto!important;transition-duration:.01ms!important;animation-duration:.01ms!important;animation-iteration-count:1!important}.q .chevron,.toc-panel>summary .chevron,.part-questions>summary .chevron{transition:none}}@media screen and (width<=700px){.diagram-scroll svg{width:780px;max-width:none;height:auto}.diagram-frame:after{content:"";pointer-events:none;background:linear-gradient(to right, transparent, var(--paper));width:1.75rem;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:0}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root:not([data-theme=light]){color-scheme:dark;--paper:#1c1915;--paper-deep:#2d2822;--card:#25211c;--rule:#4a4238;--rule-strong:#7d7266;--ink:#e8dfd0;--ink-soft:#b3a897;--accent:#d98a78;--accent-tint:#43302a;--sage:#8fbfae;--sage-tint:#22302b;--hatch:#7d7266;--focus:#8fb3f0;--fig-canvas:#25211c;--fig-panel:#2d2822;--fig-ink:#e8dfd0;--fig-muted:#b3a897;--fig-teal:#6fb8b0;--fig-red:#e0907f;--fig-gold:#d9a955;--fig-rule:#4a4238;--fig-teal-tint:#30443f;--fig-red-tint:#43302a;--fig-callout:#3a4a44;--fig-on-callout:#f2ebdf;--fig-on-callout-soft:#d7e3de}}@media screen{:root[data-theme=dark]{color-scheme:dark;--paper:#1c1915;--paper-deep:#2d2822;--card:#25211c;--rule:#4a4238;--rule-strong:#7d7266;--ink:#e8dfd0;--ink-soft:#b3a897;--accent:#d98a78;--accent-tint:#43302a;--sage:#8fbfae;--sage-tint:#22302b;--hatch:#7d7266;--focus:#8fb3f0;--fig-canvas:#25211c;--fig-panel:#2d2822;--fig-ink:#e8dfd0;--fig-muted:#b3a897;--fig-teal:#6fb8b0;--fig-red:#e0907f;--fig-gold:#d9a955;--fig-rule:#4a4238;--fig-teal-tint:#30443f;--fig-red-tint:#43302a;--fig-callout:#3a4a44;--fig-on-callout:#f2ebdf;--fig-on-callout-soft:#d7e3de}}@media print{:root:not([data-theme]),:root[data-theme]{color-scheme:light;--paper:#fbf6ee;--paper-deep:#f3eadb;--card:#fffdf8;--rule:#e2d5c1;--rule-strong:#918476;--ink:#2a211b;--ink-soft:#5e4f43;--accent:#8e2f22;--accent-tint:#f6e4dc;--sage:#2f5d50;--sage-tint:#e3ece5;--hatch:#918476;--focus:#1f4fa8;--fig-canvas:#f7f5ef;--fig-panel:#fff;--fig-ink:#172d38;--fig-muted:#526671;--fig-teal:#077578;--fig-red:#af4639;--fig-gold:#996613;--fig-rule:#d5dedc;--fig-teal-tint:#ddedea;--fig-red-tint:#f5e4df;--fig-callout:#172d38;--fig-on-callout:#fff;--fig-on-callout-soft:#dae8e6;--toc-bar:0px;--margin-toc-offset:0px}.skip,.site-header,.site-nav,.toc-dock,.cause-nav{display:none!important}details::details-content,details:not([open])>:not(summary){content-visibility:visible!important;display:block!important}.diagram,.diagram svg,.diagram figcaption{break-inside:avoid;page-break-inside:avoid}.diagram svg{filter:none;background:#fff;border-color:#111;width:auto;max-width:100%;height:auto;max-height:8.2in;margin-inline:auto}.diagram-frame,.diagram-scroll{break-inside:avoid;page-break-inside:avoid;overflow:visible}.diagram-frame:after{content:none}.diagram-physiology svg{width:100%;min-width:0;max-width:100%;height:auto;max-height:6.6in}.diagram[data-diagram=pressure-gradient] svg{max-height:7.1in}.diagram[data-diagram=coronary-circuit] svg.diagram-stack,.diagram[data-diagram=pressure-pairs] svg.diagram-stack,.diagram[data-diagram=compression-release] svg.diagram-stack{display:none!important}.diagram[data-diagram=coronary-circuit] svg.diagram-wide,.diagram[data-diagram=pressure-pairs] svg.diagram-wide,.diagram[data-diagram=compression-release] svg.diagram-wide{max-height:7.2in;display:block!important}.diagram-screen{display:none!important}.diagram svg.diagram-print{max-height:7.6in;display:block!important}.diagram-kicker,.diagram-caps,.diagram-schematic,.diagram-display,.diagram-label,.diagram-note,.diagram-marker-caption,.diagram-marker-num,.diagram-bracket-label,.diagram-quiet-label,.diagram-panel-title,.diagram-key,.diagram-num{fill:#111}.diagram-route,.diagram-route-fine,.diagram-opening,.diagram-cpp,.diagram-marker-ring,.diagram-quiet{stroke:#111}.diagram-route-head{fill:#111}.diagram-marker-ring,.diagram-label-plate{fill:#fff}.diagram-myocardium{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#111}.diagram-hatch{stroke:#666}.diagram-level-aortic,.diagram-level-atrial,.diagram-axis,.diagram-read-window,.diagram-cell-rule,.diagram-vessel-narrow,.diagram-vessel-open{stroke:#111}.diagram-read-window{fill:#f4f4f4}.diagram-node{fill:#fff;stroke:#111;stroke-width:2px}.diagram-gap,.diagram-panel-flow,.diagram-ramp{fill:#e4e4e4;stroke:#111}.diagram-panel-content,.diagram-banner,.diagram-aside{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#111}.diagram-aortic,.diagram-bracket,.diagram-fall,.diagram-rise,.diagram-ramp-line,.diagram-baseline,.diagram-time,.diagram-multiply{stroke:#111}.diagram-atrial{stroke:#111;stroke-dasharray:7 4}.diagram-prior,.diagram-aside{stroke:#111;stroke-dasharray:2 3}.diagram-mark,.diagram-rise-head,.diagram-fall-head,.diagram-time-head{fill:#111}.references a[href^=http]:after{content:" (" attr(href) ")";word-break:break-all;font-size:.85em}}